Thulium
69
Tm
Groep
n.v.t.
Periode
6
Blok
f
Protonen
Elektronen
Neutronen
69
69
100
Algemene Eigenschappen
Atoomnummer
69
Atomair gewicht
168,93421
Massa Getal
169
Categorie
Lanthaniden
Kleur
Zilver
Radioactief
Nee
Named after Thule, the earliest name for Scandinavia
Kristalstructuur
Eenvoudige Hexagonaal
Historie
Thulium was discovered by Swedish chemist Per Teodor Cleve in 1879 by looking for impurities in the oxides of other rare earth elements.
The first researcher to obtain nearly pure thulium was Charles James, a British expatriate working on a large scale at New Hampshire College in Durham.
High-purity thulium oxide was first offered commercially in the late 1950s.
The first researcher to obtain nearly pure thulium was Charles James, a British expatriate working on a large scale at New Hampshire College in Durham.
High-purity thulium oxide was first offered commercially in the late 1950s.
Eletronen per schil
2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2
Electronconfiguratie
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
Thulium ore occurs most commonly in China
Fysieke Eigenschappen
Fase
Vast
Dichtheid
9,321 g/cm3
Smeltpunt
1818,15 K | 1545 °C | 2813 °F
Kookpunt
2223,15 K | 1950 °C | 3542 °F
Fusiewarmte
16,8 kJ/mol
Verdampingswarmte
250 kJ/mol
Specifieke Warmtecapaciteit
0,16 J/g·K
Overvloedig aanwezig in de aardkorst
0,000045%
Overvloedig aanwezig in het universum
1×10-8%
CAS-nummer
7440-30-4
PubChem CID nummer
23961
Atoomeigenschappen
Atoomstraal
176 pm
Covalentiestraal
190 pm
Electronegativiteit
1,25 (Pauling schaal)
Ionisatiepotentiaal
6,1843 eV
Atoomvolume
18,1 cm3/mol
Thermische geleiding
0,168 W/cm·K
Oxidatietoestanden
2, 3
Toepassingen
Thulium is used to dope yttrium aluminum garnets used in lasers.
It has also been used in high-temperature superconductors similarly to yttrium.
Thulium has use in ferrites, ceramic magnetic materials that are used in microwave equipment.
Thulium is used in euro banknotes for its blue fluorescence under UV light to defeat counterfeiters.
It has also been used in high-temperature superconductors similarly to yttrium.
Thulium has use in ferrites, ceramic magnetic materials that are used in microwave equipment.
Thulium is used in euro banknotes for its blue fluorescence under UV light to defeat counterfeiters.
Thulium is considered to be non-toxic
Isotopen
Stabiele isotopen
169TmInstabiele isotopen
145Tm, 146Tm, 147Tm, 148Tm, 149Tm, 150Tm, 151Tm, 152Tm, 153Tm, 154Tm, 155Tm, 156Tm, 157Tm, 158Tm, 159Tm, 160Tm, 161Tm, 162Tm, 163Tm, 164Tm, 165Tm, 166Tm, 167Tm, 168Tm, 170Tm, 171Tm, 172Tm, 173Tm, 174Tm, 175Tm, 176Tm, 177Tm, 178Tm, 179Tm